What is NFKB pathway?

What is NFKB pathway?

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is an ancient protein transcription factor (Salminen et al., 2008) and considered a regulator of innate immunity (Baltimore, 2009). The NF-κB signaling pathway links pathogenic signals and cellular danger signals thus organizing cellular resistance to invading pathogens.

How does Nfkb induced gene expression?

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) initiates tissue inflammation, a process mediated by the NF-κB transcription factor. In response to TNF, latent cytoplasmic NF-κB is activated, enters the nucleus, and induces expression of inflammatory and anti-apoptotic gene expression programs.

What are the 3 main transcription factors activated by TCR signaling?

The three main pathways activated through the TCR that control transcription are the MAPK, NF-κB, and calcium pathways. These pathways dramatically alter the expression and nuclear localization of various transcription factors that directly regulate genes involved in T cell activation (1, 2).

How are TCR activated?

The TCR (T-cell receptor) is a complex of integral membrane proteins that participate in the activation of T-cells in response to an antigen. Stimulation of TCR is triggered by MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules on cells with the antigen.

What activates the NFKB pathway?

Activation of the NF-κB is initiated by the signal-induced degradation of IκB proteins. This occurs primarily via activation of a kinase called the IκB kinase (IKK).

What does Nfkb regulate?

The NF-κB transcription factor is the master regulator of the inflammatory response and is essential for the homeostasis of the immune system. NF-κB regulates the transcription of genes that control inflammation, immune cell development, cell cycle, proliferation, and cell death.

What happens when NFKB is activated?

NF-κB target genes involved in inflammation development and progression. NF-κB is an inducible transcription factor. After its activation, it can activate transcription of various genes and thereby regulate inflammation.

What genes does Nfkb regulate?

NF-κB is a key transcription factor of M1 macrophages and is required for induction of a large number of inflammatory genes, including those encoding TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40 and cyclooxygenase-2.

What is TCR signaling?

A TCR signal causes global cellular changes within the T cell ranging from the activation of transcriptional regulators and protein synthesis to the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and altered metabolism and are necessary for a naive T cell to undergo clonal expansion and differentiation into effector subsets.

What part of the TCR complex transmits the activation signal?

The TCR complex CD3 transmits the TCR-triggered signal through immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in its cytoplasmic tail, but it is not directly involved in antigen recognition18,19.

What are the signaling components of TCR?

TCR Signaling Cascades

• Calcium Mobilization. One critical protein that is recruited to tyrosine-phosphorylated LAT upon TCR stimulation is phospholipase Cγ1 (PL-Cγ1).
• Ras Activation. Ras activation occurs through recruitment of its exchange factors sos and RasGRP to the membrane.
• Cytoskeletal Reorganization.

Is Nfkb a transcription factor?

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is involved in inflammatory and immune responses, as well as in regulation of expression of many other genes related to cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation.