What are the symptoms of Yersinia pestis?

What are the symptoms of Yersinia pestis?

Initial signs and symptoms may be nonspecific with fever, chills, malaise, muscular pain, nausea, exhaustion, sore throat, and headache. This is bubonic plague, and it occurs more often in lymph nodes. The involved nodes become swollen, inflamed, and tender and may form or discharge pus. Fever is usually present.

How is Yersinia pestis diagnosed?

Diagnosis is made by taking samples from the patient, especially blood or part of a swollen lymph gland, and submitting them for laboratory testing. Once plague has been identified as a possible cause of the illness, appropriate treatment should begin immediately.

What is the role of the factor encoded by the PMT plasmid in Yersinia pestis infections?

One of the Y. pestis-specific plasmids, pMT1, is thought to promote deep tissue invasion, resulting in more acute onset of symptoms and death. We determined the entire nucleotide sequence of Y.

What is the pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis?

PATHOGENESIS Yersinia pestis is primarily a rodent pathogen, with humans being an accidental host when bitten by an infected rat flea. The flea draws viable Y. pestis organisms into its intestinal tract. These organisms multiply in the flea and block the flea’s proventriculus.

Is Yersinia pestis archaebacteria or eubacteria?

Yersinia pestis is a eubacteria. Eubacteria are the true bacteria whereas archaebacteria are prokaryotic organisms which had a distinct evolutionary…

How does bubonic plague affect the body?

Bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes (another part of the lymph system). Within 3 to 7 days of exposure to plague bacteria, you will develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, chills, weakness, and swollen, tender lymph glands (called buboes—hence the name bubonic).

What symptoms did the author observe in victims of the plague?

Bubonic plague symptoms and signs include painful and enlarged or swollen lymph nodes (an enlarged lymph node due to plague is called a bubo), chills, headache, fever, fatigue, and weakness.

Who should be notified once the diagnosis of bubonic plague is confirmed?

If plague is suspected, local and state health departments should be notified immediately. If the patient has signs of pneumonic plague, they should also be isolated and placed on droplet precautions to reduce the risk of person-to-person transmission [PDF – 2 pages] of plague.

How does the body react to Yersinia pestis?

During Y. pestis infection, the host redeploys its specific humoral and cellular immunity and establishes the protective immunity. Classical humoral immune mechanisms could directly combat extracellular Y. pestis organisms and simultaneously aid cell-mediated immunity by neutralizing Y.

How does Yersinia pestis infect the host?

pestis against host phagocytes of the innate immune system, thereby allowing it to invade more tissues and organs and cause more severe impairment. Y. pestis carries both invasive factors, which promote contact with and entry into host cells, and antiphagocytic factors that inhibit uptake by host cells.

What is the life cycle of Yersinia pestis?

There are two cycles to the plague: Sylvatic Cycle and Urban Cycle. The Sylvatic Cycle is pre-human infection. Y. pestis, during this cycle, starts out in wild rodents which are then bit by fleas.

What does Yersinia pestis infect?

pestis bacteria infect the lungs and cause pneumonia. It can develop when a person breathes in droplets of Y. pestis from an animal or person who has plague infection in the lungs. People who have bubonic or septicemic plague can also develop Y.

How similar are 16S rRNA gene clones of different Yersinia strains?

In this study, for each strain we randomly selected five 16S rRNA gene clones from 768 Yersinia strains, and collected 3,840 sequences of the 16S rRNA gene from 10 species, which were divided into 439 patterns. The similarity among the five clones of 16S rRNA gene is over 99% for most strains.

How is a phylogenetic tree of Yersinia species constructed?

A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the five 16S rRNA gene sequences for each strain where the phylogenetic classifications are consistent with biochemical tests; and species that are difficult to identify by biochemical phenotype can be differentiated. Most Yersinia strains form distinct groups within each species.

What is the hypervariable region of 16S rRNA?

Abstract Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes contain nine “hypervariable regions” (V1 – V9) that demonstrate considerable sequence diversity among different bacteria. Species-specific sequences within a given hypervariable region constitute useful targets for diagnostic assays and other scientific investigations.

Is Yersinia kristensenii a heterogeneous or heterogeneous species?

Most Yersinia strains form distinct groups within each species. However Yersinia kristensenii, a heterogeneous species, clusters with some Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia ferderiksenii/intermedia strains, while not affecting the overall efficiency of this species classification.