What are estrogen responsive elements?

What are estrogen responsive elements?

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated enhancer protein that is a member of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily. ER binds to specific DNA sequences called estrogen response elements (EREs) with high affinity and transactivates gene expression in response to estradiol (E2).

What type of signaling is estrogen?

Direct genomic signaling is known as the classical mechanism of estrogen signaling. In this process, the nuclear estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ act as ligand-activated transcription factors (Marino, Galluzzo, & Ascenzi, 2006; O’Malley, 2005).

What is the cellular response to estrogen?

cellular response to estrogen stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.

What happens when estrogen receptors are activated?

Once activated by estrogen, the ER is able to translocate into the nucleus and bind to DNA to regulate the activity of different genes (i.e. it is a DNA-binding transcription factor). However, it also has additional functions independent of DNA binding.

What is the role of estrogen receptors on a cell?

ER is a transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor super family. ER regulates the transcription of hundreds of genes and ultimately leads to cell division, and has an important role in mammary gland development and the cell proliferation growth that occurs during pregnancy.

What does estrogen hormone do?

Estrogen helps control the menstrual cycle and is important for childbearing. Estrogen also has other functions: Keeps cholesterol in control. Protects bone health for both women and men.

How does estrogen enter the nucleus?

Estrogens pass directly into cells throughout the body, so the cell can use receptors that are in the nucleus, right at the site of action on the DNA. When estrogen enters the nucleus, it binds to the estrogen receptor, causing it to pair up and form a dimer.

Where is estrogen produced?

The woman’s ovaries make most estrogen hormones, although the adrenal glands and fat cells also make small amounts of the hormones.

What are the three stages of the cell signaling process?

Cell signaling can be divided into 3 stages.

• Reception: A cell detects a signaling molecule from the outside of the cell.
• Transduction: When the signaling molecule binds the receptor it changes the receptor protein in some way.
• Response: Finally, the signal triggers a specific cellular response.

What is the mechanism of action of estrogen on transcription?

Estrogen receptors (ERs) act by regulating transcriptional processes. The classical mechanism of ER action involves estrogen binding to receptors in the nucleus, after which the receptors dimerize and bind to specific response elements known as estrogen response elements (EREs) located in the promoters of target genes.

In what compartment of a cell does the estrogen receptor act?

Estrogen receptors (ER) have been localized to the plasma membrane where both ERα and ERβ function in a wide variety of cells and organs. ERs have also been found in discrete cytoplasmic organelles including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.

What are the two estrogen receptors?

There are two classes of estrogen receptors: ER and G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 (GPER). ER is a member of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, and GPR30 is a G protein-coupled receptor. After activation, estrogen receptors bind to DNA and regulate the activity of many genes.

What are est estrogen responsive elements?

Estrogen responsive elements have been defined in the proximal promoter region of the gene and in conjunction with other regulatory sequences (SP1, AP1) they may be responsible for the stimulation of cath-D gene expression [51]. From:Cancer Letters, 2006 Related terms:

What is the mechanism of action of estrogen receptor complexes?

These actions can be mediated by direct binding of estrogen receptor complexes to specific sequences in gene promoters (genomic effects), or by mechanisms that do not involve direct binding to DNA (non-genomic effects).

How do Estrogens affect gene expression?

Whether acting via direct nuclear effects, indirect non-nuclear actions, or a combination of both, the effects of estrogens on gene expression are controlled by highly regulated complex mechanisms.

What is the molecular structure of estrogen?

Chemically, estrogens belong to the family of organic compounds known as steroids. As such, their core structure is composed of 17 carbon-carbon bonds arranged as four fused rings (three cyclohexane rings and a cyclopentane ring).