How was ST131 identified?

How was ST131 identified?

Isolates belonging to ST131 were identified by PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and then characterized for antibiotic resistance, CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes, fluoroquinolone resistance genes, O types, phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and PFGE patterns.

What is ST131?

Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a major cause of urinary and bloodstream infections. Its association with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) significantly complicates treatment. This sublineage has acquired both a virulence plasmid (pAA) that defines the enteroaggregative E.

Is E coli life threatening?

Most cases of E. coli infections are mild and do not cause a serious health risk. Cases resolve on their own with rest and drinking plenty of fluids. However, some strains can cause severe symptoms and even life-threatening complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, which can lead to kidney failure and death.

How many genes are in E coli pan genome?

coli genomic diversity represents an open pangenome model containing a reservoir of more than 13,000 genes, many of which may be uncharacterized but important virulence factors.

What are heat stable toxins?

Heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) are secretory peptides produced by some bacterial strains, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli which are in general toxic to animals. These peptides keep their 3D structure and remain active at temperatures as high as 100 °C.

What does E. coli do to the body?

coli bacteria make a toxin (a poisonous substance) that can damage the lining of the small intestine. This can lead to bad stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea (often with blood in it). When that happens, people can get dehydrated.

How common is E. coli worldwide?

coli outbreaks traced back to food contamination, 18% from water, and 14% from animals or person to person. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate about 265,000 E. coli infections happen a year, E. coli O157:H7 causing 95,400 of them.

What is Pan-genome analysis?

Pan-genome is defined as the set of orthologous and unique genes of a specific group of organisms. The pan-genome is composed by the core genome, accessory genome, and species- or strain-specific genes. The first step of a pan-genome analysis is the homogenization of genome annotation.

Why is Escherichia coli important for research?

E. coli is a preferred host for the study of phage biology due to the detailed knowledge of its nucleic acid and protein biosynthetic pathways. The ability of E. coli to grow on chemically defined media coupled with its extensive genetic toolbox make it a key system in study of bacterial metabolic pathways.

Which three bacteria produce a heat labile toxin?

STa consists of toxins secreted by enterotoxigenic E. coli, V. cholerae non-O1 strains, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Citrobacter freundii.

Is E coli heat stable toxin?

Heat-Stable Enterotoxins The heat-stable enterotoxin a (STa) of E. coli is the prototype toxin of this group. E. coli secretes STa into the periplasm as a 72-amino acid precursor in which three intramolecular disulfide bonds are formed and processed into a 53-amino acid form.

What environment does E. coli live in?

Pathogenic E. coli strains can survive in open environments. The ability to use nutrients and to attach to surfaces plays a crucial role in their survival in open environments. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is found in soil, manure, and irrigation water or contaminated seeds.