How does interferon inhibit viral replication?
How does interferon inhibit viral replication?
Interferon is secreted by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance, but it does not directly inhibit the virus’s multiplication. Rather, it stimulates the infected cells and those nearby to produce proteins that prevent the virus from replicating within them.
What is the role of interferon in a signaling pathway?
The interferon (IFN) pathway plays a critical role in the human immune response. Following viral infection, the human body triggers a complex regulatory system of innate and adaptive immune responses designed to defend against the virus….Type II IFN (IFNGR)
| JAK1 | JAK2 |
|---|---|
| TYK2 | STAT1 |
| STAT2 | STAT3 |
| STAT5 |
What do Type I IFNs do?
Within the immunological milieu, Type I interferons (IFN-I) play a central role in driving an antiviral state in non-immune cells as well as orchestrating antiviral immune responses through: (i) inhibiting viral replication in infected cells in the innate stage of the immune response; (ii) activating and enhancing …
How does IFN gamma inhibit viral replication?
IFNG inhibits viral reactivation indirectly through the protective mechanism of CD8+ T cells (94). However, even in the absence of CD8+ T cells, IFNG still can block HSV-1 reactivation from its latency in trigeminal ganglia cells (93,94).
What is the major mechanism of action for interferon?
Interferons are proteins that can induce a nonspecific resistance to viral infection by several mechanisms, including the inhibition of protein synthesis, inactivation of viral RNA, and enhancement of phagocytic and cytotoxic mechanisms.
What is the role of interferon in the innate immune response?
Interferons were first described as an antiviral factor that interferes with viral replication in mammalian cells (10). They are secreted from infected cells and activate innate immune response that promotes not only cytokine production but also natural killer cell functions and antigen presentation (11, 12).
What activates interferon type1?
Induction of type I IFN expression is facilitated after activation of a diverse set of pathogen sensing pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways by binding of IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) and NF-κB to acute response elements in the promoters of type I IFN gene loci (7).
What cells secrete interferon alpha?
Sources and functions. IFN-α and IFN-β are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes (NK cells, B-cells and T-cells), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others.
Which interferon is antiviral?
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a group of antiviral cytokines that are induced during viral infection by viral-replication products, such as double-stranded (ds)RNA. IFNs exert their biological functions by binding to specific cell-surface receptors.
Is interferon innate or adaptive?
Type I interferons (IFNs) are considered to be important mediators of innate immunity due to their inherent antiviral activity, ability to drive the transcription of a number of genes involved in viral clearance, and their role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
What is the mechanism of action of interferon alpha?
Mechanism of Action: Interferons inhibit varying stages of viral replication including viral entry, uncoating, mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis. IFNs have profound immunomodulatory properties. The immune response to IFN-alpha appears to be critical to clearance of hepatitis B and C infection.
What is the interferon signaling pathway?
Interferon (IFN) Cell Signaling Pathway. Following viral infection, the human body triggers a complex regulatory system of innate and adaptive immune responses designed to defend against the virus. One of the many responses to the viral invasion is the induction of the pleiotropic cytokines, interferon (IFN) [1].
What are the subtypes of interferon (IFN)?
The type I interferon (IFN) family consists of multiple IFN-alpha subtypes, IFN-beta, IFN-delta, IFN-epsilon, IFN-kappa, IFN-tau, IFN-omega, and IFN-zeta/Limitin. IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-epsilon, IFN-kappa, and IFN-omega are all found in humans, while IFN-delta, IFN-tau,…
What is the role of interferon in viral infection?
Following viral infection, the human body triggers a complex regulatory system of innate and adaptive immune responses designed to defend against the virus. One of the many responses to the viral invasion is the induction of the pleiotropic cytokines, interferon (IFN) [1].
How does the IFN-γ variant affect the toll-like receptor pathway?
Only 1 variant – IFN-γ – and binds to the IFN-γ receptor. Activation of the toll-like receptor pathway following viral infection leads to the increased production of IFNα and IFNβ and the further induction of adaptive immune responses by increasing MHC-I (major histocompatibility complex class-I).
