How does endosulfan effect on human beings?
How does endosulfan effect on human beings?
Doses as low as 35 mg/kg have been documented to cause death in humans, and many cases of sublethal poisoning have resulted in permanent brain damage. Farm workers with chronic endosulfan exposure are at risk of rashes and skin irritation.
What are the environmental effects of endosulfan?
The environmental risk assessment suggests that exposure to endosulfan could result in both acute and chronic risks of concern for terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Exposure to endosulfan has resulted in both reproductive and development effects in nontarget animals, particularly birds, fish and mammals.
How many days of life span of alpha endosulfan is?
In an aerobic soil metabolism study using five different soils, half-lives of α-endosulfan ranged from 35 to 67 days and half-lives of β-endosulfan ranged from 104 to 265 days with endosulfan sulfate as the major metabolite.
What is endosulfan tragedy?
Endosulfan is a pesticide developed in 1954. People extensively used it in farming with high consumption in the 1980s and 1990s. Later, it was highly toxic to human health and the environment. It poisoned entire populations of useful and necessary insects.
Why is endosulfan harmful?
Endosulfan kills indiscriminately and is devastating to the environment, contaminating soils, air and water, and damaging mammals and other animals. Endosulfan’s ability for long-range environmental transport, together with its adverse effects supports the need for concerted international action.
When was endosulfan banned in the Philippines?
September 1993
Under the WHO classification of pesticides according to toxicity, Thiodan belongs to category 2; the pesticides being phased out are those in category 1. Under a September 1993 FPA ruling, endosulfan-based pesticides were to be banned from use on rice crops.
Which place in Kerala was affected by endosulfan?
The Endosulfan tragedy also caused many ailments. These ailments included skin irritations, destruction of nerve tissues and reproductive and developmental damage in human beings and animals. For over 20 years, cashew plantations in Kasargod district in Kerala used Endosulfan as a pesticide.
When was endosulfan banned in Kerala?
2005
Endosulfan was banned in Kerala in 2005 after the Centre issued a gazette notification withholding the use of endosulfan in the state, on the basis of reports of the National Institute of Occupational Health and other committees.
What is endosulfan and why is it dangerous?
Endosulfan is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. The chemical is semivolatile and persistent to degradation processes in the environment. Endosulfan is subject to long-range atmospheric transport, i.e. it can travel long distances from where it is used. Thus, it occurs in many environmental compartments.
What is the reference dose for endosulfan exposure?
EPA’s acute reference dose for dietary exposure to endosulfan is 0.015 mg/kg for adults and 0.0015 mg/kg for children.
How much Endosulfan is used in the world each year?
From 1980 to 1989, worldwide consumption averaged 10,500 tonnes per year, and for the 1990s use increased to 12,800 tonnes per year. Endosulfan is a derivative of hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and is chemically similar to aldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor.
What is the difference between α and β endosulfan?
Technical endosulfan is a 7:3 mixture of stereoisomers, designated α and β. α- and β-Endosulfan are configurational isomers arising from the pyramidal stereochemistry of the teravalent sulfur. α-Endosulfan is the more thermodynamically stable of the two, thus β-endosulfan irreversibly converts to the α form, although the conversion is slow.
