What happens if TB becomes drug resistant?

What happens if TB becomes drug resistant?

Sometimes drug-resistant TB occurs when bacteria become resistant to the drugs used to treat TB. This means that the drug can no longer kill the TB bacteria. Drug-resistant TB (DR TB) is spread the same way that drug-susceptible TB is spread. TB is spread through the air from one person to another.

What are the mechanisms of drug resistance in tuberculosis?

Drug resistance in TB occurs through two main mechanisms: (i) primary or transmitted drug resistance, occurs when resistant strains are transmitted to a new host, and (ii) secondary or acquired drug resistance, which occurs through the acquisition of drug resistance mutations to one or more drugs.

What are the five 5 most common mechanisms of drug resistance?

The main mechanisms of resistance are: limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug.

How is MDR TB resistant to antibiotics?

This is known as primary MDR-TB, and is responsible for up to 75% of cases. Acquired MDR-TB develops when a person with a non-resistant strain of TB is treated inadequately, resulting in the development of antibiotic resistance in the TB bacteria infecting them. These people can in turn infect other people with MDR-TB.

Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic resistant?

Like other bacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis—the bacterium that causes TB—has developed resistance to antibiotic treatments over time via chromosomal mutations that protect the organism against the action of the drugs.

What causes drug resistance?

The main cause of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic use. When we use antibiotics, some bacteria die but resistant bacteria can survive and even multiply. The overuse of antibiotics makes resistant bacteria more common. The more we use antibiotics, the more chances bacteria have to become resistant to them.

Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic resistance?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics, limiting the number of compounds available for treatment. This intrinsic resistance is due to a number of mechanisms including a thick, waxy, hydrophobic cell envelope and the presence of drug degrading and modifying enzymes.

What are three mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

The three fundamental mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are (1) enzymatic degradation of antibacterial drugs, (2) alteration of bacterial proteins that are antimicrobial targets, and (3) changes in membrane permeability to antibiotics.

How does drug resistance occur in an individual?

Antibiotic resistance happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. That means the germs are not killed and continue to grow. More than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur in the U.S. each year.

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis develop resistance?

What is meant by drug resistance?

Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication to cure a disease or condition. Today, antibiotic-resistance is rising due to dangerously high levels worldwide and threatening our ability to treat even common infectious diseases.

What causes drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis arises from spontaneous chromosoma … The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) in the era of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presents a major threat to effective control of TB.

What’s new in drug-resistant tuberculosis?

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), including multi- and extensively drug-resistant TB, is posing a significant challenge to effective treatment and TB control worldwide. New progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs.

What is the pathophysiology of MDR-TB?

MDR-TB is caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, two key drugs in the treatment of the disease. Since 2006, it has been recognized the presence of even more resistant strains of M. tuberculosis labelled as extensively drug resistant (XDR)-TB [2,3,4].

What is rifampicin-resistant Mycoplasma tuberculosis?

The majority of rifampicin-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosisharbor mutations in the rpoBgene that codes for the β-subunit of the RNA polymerase. As a result of this, conformational changes occur that decrease the affinity for the drug and results in the development of resistance [10].