What is meant by Coulometry?

What is meant by Coulometry?

Coulometry determines the amount of matter transformed during an electrolysis reaction by measuring the amount of electricity (in coulombs) consumed or produced. Coulometry is a group of techniques in analytical chemistry. It is named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

What is Karl Fischer principle?

The principle of Karl Fischer titration is based on the oxidation reaction between iodine and sulphur dioxide. Water reacts with iodine and sulphur dioxide to form sulphur trioxide and hydrogen iodide. An endpoint is reached when all the water is consumed.

What is Karl Fischer solution?

As shown in Formula (1) below, the Karl Fischer method uses Karl Fischer reagent, which reacts quantitatively and selectively with water, to measure moisture content. Karl Fischer reagent consists of iodine, sulfur dioxide, a base and a solvent, such as alcohol. I2+SO2+3Base+ROH+H2O ⇒ 2Base+HI+Base+HSO4R ······ (1)

Why pyridine is not used in Karl Fischer titration?

Classic Karl Fisher reagents contained pyridine, a noxious carcinogen, as the base. The reagents most frequently used today are pyridine-free and contain imidazole or primary amines instead.

What are the two types of coulometry?

There are two forms of coulometry: controlled potential coulometry and controlled-current coulometry. A three-electrode potentiostat is used to set the potential in controlled potential coulometry.

How is coulometry done?

In coulometry, we monitor current as a function of time and use either equation 11.26 or equation 11.27 to calculate Q. Knowing the total charge, we then use equation 11.25 to determine the moles of analyte. To obtain an accurate value for NA, all the current must be used to oxidize or reduce the analyte.

How Coulometry can be used to determine a specific analyte?

Coulometry is based on an exhaustive electrolysis of the analyte. Knowing the total charge, we then use equation 11.25 to determine the moles of analyte. To obtain an accurate value for NA, all the current must be used to oxidize or reduce the analyte.

How coulometry can be used to determine a specific analyte?

What are the limitations of real GDP?

Limitations of Real GDP: Goods and Services Omitted From GDP GDP measures the value of goods and services that are bought in markets, so it excludes: Household Production : Household production is productive activities at the home that do not involve market transactions.

What are the limitations of GDP as a measure of wellbeing?

GDP is a useful indicator of a nation’s economic performance, and it is the most commonly used measure of well-being. However, it has some important limitations, including: The exclusion of non-market transactions. The failure to account for or represent the degree of income inequality in society.

What factors are omitted from the real GDP?

Health and Life Expectancy : While obviously important factors determining the standard of people’s living, they are omitted from real GDP. Health and life expectancy have improved as infant deaths and death in childbirth have almost been eliminated.

What are the limitations of the growthgdp model?

GDP has some minor limitations that I won’t cover: Non-market production: Goods/Services produced but not exchanged for money. Easy example is if you grow your own food or your uncle, whom is a professional painter, paints your house in exchange for college football tickets.