What is ECHOpedia?

What is ECHOpedia?

Welcome to ECHOpedia, a free echocardiography textbook, designed for medical professionals. such as cardiologists and echocardiography technicians.

What is E E ratio echo?

To derive the E/e´ ratio one must divide the maximum velocity of the E-wave of mitral valve inflow by the maximal velocity of E. In normal individuals the E/e´ ratio is <8. In the presence of diastolic dysfunction / impaired relaxation, e´ will be rather low.

What is normal mitral valve peak gradient?

The normal area of the mitral valve orifice is about 4–6 cm2 when the mitral valve area goes below 2 cm2, the valve causes an impediment to the flow of blood into the left ventricle, creating a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. This gradient may increase by the rise in heart rate or cardiac output.

What does 45% mean in an echo report?

The normal percentage of blood ejected from the heart is in the range of 50-70% depending on different factors. If the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is 45% (& that is not a measurement error), then it is mildly reduced.

What is IVSd on Echo?

LV indicates left ventricle; LVEDD indicates LV end diastolic dimension; LVESD indicates LV end systolic dimension; PWd indicates posterior wall thickness at end diastole; IVSd indicates septal wall thickness at end diastole; LA indicates left atrium; RV indicates right ventricle.

What is TTE Doppler?

What is a transthoracic echocardiogram? During a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), a technician obtains views of the heart by moving a small instrument called a transducer to different locations on the chest or abdominal wall.

What is Ava on Echo?

Echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic valve stenosis (AS) usually relies on peak velocity, mean pressure gradient (MPG) and aortic valve area (AVA), which should ideally be concordant. In 20%-30% of patients, these parameters are discordant (usually AVA <1 cm² and MPG <40 mmHg).

What is the normal range for Echo?

An LV ejection fraction of 55 percent or higher is considered normal. An LV ejection fraction of 50 percent or lower is considered reduced. Experts vary in their opinions about an ejection fraction between 50 and 55 percent, and some would consider this a “borderline” range.

What is a normal echo?

Normal Echo reference values. According to The American Society of Echocardiography, the normal dimensions for the left ventricle at diastole is < 60 mm. Others say that 55 mm is the normal upper limit. Yet others say absolute values are useless and that you should index for body surface are or height.

What are normal echocardiogram results?

Pumping function of the heart can be assessed by echocardiography. One can tell if the pumping power of the heart is normal or reduced to a mild or severe degree. This measure is known as an ejection fraction or EF. A normal EF is around 55 to 65%.

What is the normal range for echocardiogram?

One data set that an echocardiogram provides is ventricular dimensions. These measurements are often gathered in M-mode or 2D echocardiography and commonly include the following types: IVSd and IVSs – Interventricular septal end diastole and end systole. The normal range is 0.6-1.1 cm.