What are the causes of pesticide resistance?

What are the causes of pesticide resistance?

What Causes Insecticide Resistance?

• Behavioral resistance.
• Penetration resistance.
• Metabolic resistance.
• Altered target-site resistance.
• Monitor pests.
• Focus on economic thresholds.
• Take an integrated approach to managing pests.
• Time applications correctly.

What is IRM in agriculture?

Insect resistance management (IRM) is the set of practices deployed to slow or reduce the chance of resistant insect populations developing.

Why do pests develop resistance to pesticides?

How do insects become resistant to pesticide? Insects are known for their ability to develop resistance to insecticides. Upon exposure to insecticides, insects that do not carry the resistance genes die, thus allowing the individuals with the resistance genes to survive and reproduce, creating more resistant insects.

How do you manage insect resistance?

Key elements of resistance management include minimizing pesticide use, avoiding tank mixes, avoiding persistent chemicals, and using long-term rotations of pesticide from different chemical classes. Minimize Pesticide Use. Minimizing pesticide use is fundamental to pesticide resistance management.

What pest resistance means?

Resistance is defined as a change in the sensitivity of a pest population to a pesticide, resulting in the failure of a correct application of the pesticide to control the pest. It often is thought that pests change or mutate to become resistant.

What is pest tolerance?

Tolerance, treated as a resistance category of its own, has gained attention due to the plant’s ability to recover from or withstand injury, without noticeable effect on the insect.

What are insect resistant plants?

Insect-resistant crops have been one of the major successes of applying plant genetic engineering technology to agriculture; cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) resistant to lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars) and maize (Zea mays) resistant to both lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae (rootworms) have become widely used in …

What is fungal bio pesticides?

Fungal biopesticides can be used to control plant diseases as well as some pests and weeds. Fungi are a diverse group of organisms and can be found in almost every environment on earth. Two of the most common commercial biopesticides are Trichoderma species and Beauveria bassiana.

What is mechanism of insect resistance?

Insects have evolved three major mechanisms to overcome toxicants; 1) biochemical resistance; 2) physiological resistance; and 3) behavioral resistance. Biochemical resistance: In this form of resistance, an insecticide is detoxified by one or more enzymes before it can reach its site of action.

What is an example of pesticide resistance?

A classic example is the house fly. Populations of this insect that became resistant to DDT in the 1950s, also exhibited resistance, with no previous exposure, to pyrethroid insecticides used decades later. DDT and pyrethroids have the same MOA. This phenomenon is known as cross-resistance.

Which is the main mechanism of insect resistance?

Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism and often presents the greatest challenge. Insects use their internal enzyme systems to break down insecticides. Resistant strains may possess higher levels or more efficient forms of these enzymes.

What type of selection is pesticide resistance?

Pest species evolve pesticide resistance via natural selection: the most resistant specimens survive and pass on their acquired heritable changes traits to their offspring.

What does pest resistant mean?

What Does Pest Resistant Mean? Pest resistance is a condition where pests (insects, small animals, mites, weeds, etc.) are able to resist, and therefore do not get affected, by pesticides. These creatures are said to be pest resistant.

How does pesticide resistance develops?

How Pesticide Resistance Develops The role of population genetics. An individual organism’s genes determine its physical and behavioral traits. Effects of pesticide selection. Repeated use of the same class of pesticides to control a pest can cause undesirable changes in the gene pool of a pest leading to another Insecticide resistance. Fungicide resistance. Resistance management.

What is insecticide resistance?

Insecticide resistance. The development by insects of resistance to insecticide. The ability of an insect to withstand the effects of an insecticide by becoming resistant to its toxic effects by means of natural selection and mutations.