What plant is tamoxifen made from?
What plant is tamoxifen made from?
Combining tamoxifen, the world’s most prescribed breast cancer agent, with a compound found in the flowering plant feverfew may prevent initial or future resistance to the drug, say researchers. The finding provides new insight into the biological roots of that resistance, and also tests a novel way to get around it.
What are the ingredients in tamoxifen?
Each tablet contains 30.4 mg of tamoxifen citrate which is equivalent to 20 mg of tamoxifen. Each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: carboxymethylcellulose calcium, magnesium stearate, mannitol and starch.
What is the anticancer drug of plant origin?
There are four classes of plant-derived anticancer agents in the market today, the vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine and vindesine), the epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide and teniposide), the taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) and the camptothecin derivatives (camptotecin and irinotecan).
How was tamoxifen discovered?
In 1972, Craig Jordan began testing tamoxifen for its ability to prevent the formation of mammary tumors in mice. This experimentation involved using the known carcinogen dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) to induce mammary tumors in mice, which was followed by treatment with tamoxifen.
Is tamoxifen toxic to the liver?
Tamoxifen is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen that is widely used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Long term tamoxifen therapy has been associated with development of fatty liver, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.
Is tamoxifen toxic?
Tamoxifen can lead to corneal toxicity, progression of cataracts, retinopathy, and neuropathy. The reported incidence of ocular toxic side effects among patients receiving tamoxifen ranges from 6.3% to 12%. The most visually significant aspect of tamoxifen toxicity is a maculopathy.
What is the alternative to tamoxifen?
Earlier ATAC results found that Arimidex was more effective than tamoxifen in reducing the risk of recurrence of early-stage, hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Other studies comparing tamoxifen to the other two aromatase inhibitors (Aromasin and Femara) have shown similar results.
What companies make tamoxifen?
Tamoxifen manufacturers | traders | suppliers Shandong Octagon Chemicals Limited from China. Excella from Germany. Egis Pharma from Hungary. Teva API from Israel.
Which plant is used for anticancer treatment?
Plant-derived drugs in research and clinical trials
| Anticancer agent | Isolated or derived from: |
|---|---|
| Sulphoraphane | Isotiocynanate in cruciferous vegetables Brassica |
| Paclitaxel (Taxol) | Taxane; Taxus brevifolia L |
| Epipodophyllotoxin | Podophyllum peltatum L.; Podophyllotoxin isomer |
| Vincristine | Catharanthus roseus G. Don; Vinca alkaloids |
When was tamoxifen created?
ICI46,474 – as tamoxifen was known back then – was first made in 1966 by scientists working for Imperial Chemical Industries Pharmaceuticals (ICI, now AstraZeneca), who had been tasked with finding a new emergency contraceptive.
When was tamoxifen invented?
Tamoxifen was first synthesized in 1962 by scientists at the British pharmaceutical company Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (now AstraZeneca). The agent (then known as ICI 46474) was subsequently found to have contraceptive effects in rats and was believed to exert its effects solely through antiestrogen mechanisms.
How does tamoxifen work to treat breast cancer?
It is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator (SERM) and works by decreasing the growth of breast cancer cells. It is a member of the triphenylethylene group of compounds. Tamoxifen was initially made in 1962, by chemist Dora Richardson.
What is the concentration of tamoxifen in the human body?
The volume of distribution of tamoxifen is 50 to 60 L/kg and its clearance has been estimated as 1.2 to 5.1 L/hour. High concentrations of tamoxifen have been found in breast, uterus, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas, and ovary tissue in animals and humans.
What is the structure of afimoxifene (tamoxifen)?
Crystallographic structure of afimoxifene ( carbon = white, oxygen = red, nitrogen = blue) complexed with ligand binding domain of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) (cyan ribbon). Tamoxifen acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), or as a partial agonist of the estrogen receptors (ERs).
How did the tea tree get its name?
The name tea tree is used for several plants, mostly from Australia and New Zealand, from the family Myrtaceae, related to the myrtle. The use of the name probably originated from Captain James Cook’s description of one of these shrubs that he used to make an infusion to drink in place of tea.
