What do S100 proteins do?

What do S100 proteins do?

The S100 proteins, a family of calcium-binding cytosolic proteins, have a broad range of intracellular and extracellular functions through regulating calcium balance, cell apoptosis, migration, proliferation, differentiation, energy metabolism, and inflammation.

What does S100 stand for?

Nomenclature. The “S100” symbol prefix denotes that these proteins are soluble in 100%, i.e. saturated, ammonium sulfate at neutral pH. The symbol has often been hyphenated, but current gene and protein nomenclature, such as HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee nomenclature, does not use hyphens in symbols.

What is calcium binding protein called?

The most ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein, found in all eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, is calmodulin. Intracellular storage and release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is associated with the high-capacity, low-affinity calcium-binding protein calsequestrin.

What does S100 positive mean?

S-100 protein (S-100B) is the most widely used marker for peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Although S-100 protein is positive in all benign Schwann cell tumors, this marker shows relatively low sensitivity for MPNST (at most, around 50%).

What does S100 stain for?

S100 protein staining is vital in the diagnosis of cellular schwannoma, which is often mistaken for fibrosarcoma or low grade Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour (MPNST) [51]. MPNST shows only 50% positivity for S100 which is weak or focal staining.

What stains positive for S100?

Sex cord–stromal tumors, including granulosa cell tumors,421 Sertoli cell tumors,422 and tumors in the fibroma-thecoma group, occasionally show positive staining for S-100.

What intracellular protein binds calcium ions?

Calmodulin, the ubiquitous calcium binding protein present in all eukaryotic cells, is very close to the ancestor protein, presents four calcium binding sites which bind calcium, magnesium and monovalent ions competitively and is involved in the triggering of cellular processes.

What protein does calcium bind to in skeletal muscle?

troponin
The muscle contraction cycle is triggered by calcium ions binding to the protein complex troponin, exposing the active-binding sites on the actin. As soon as the actin-binding sites are uncovered, the high-energy myosin head bridges the gap, forming a cross-bridge.

Which malignant melanoma subtype is S100 positive only?

S100 negative melanomas are rare. S100P is positive in all subtypes of melanoma, including desmoplastic melanoma, for the diagnosis of which it remains an important reagent. Along with Sox10 and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), it is the most sensitive marker to visualize invasive melanoma (Fig.

What are S100 proteins?

The S100 proteins belong to the EF-hand superfamily of Ca 2+ binding proteins that mediate Ca 2+ dependent signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle, growth, differentiation and metabolism [ 1 ]. S100 proteins have been functionally associated with various neurological, cardiac and neoplastic diseases.

How do S100 proteins bind to acellular receptors?

Cell stress or inflammation induce the release of S100 proteins to acellular compartment where they bind cell surface receptors such as RAGE, TLR4, CD147, and GPCR.

What does S100A10 stand for?

S100 calcium-binding protein A10 (S100A10), also known as p11, is a protein that is encoded by the S100A10 gene in humans and the S100a10 gene in other species. S100A10 is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells.

What is calprotectin s100a8/s100a9?

Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells: Alteration in expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and ERK2. Elevation of inflammatory S100A8/S100A9 complexes in intracranial aneurysms. Clinical Accuracy of a New Rapid Assay for Fecal Calprotectin Measurement.