What are two examples of a retrovirus?

What are two examples of a retrovirus?

Besides human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, there a two other retroviruses that can cause human illness. One is called human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and the other is called human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II).

What type of cells do retroviruses infect?

HIV has been reported to infect a wide range of cells in vitro, including peripheral blood dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells, B cells, natural killer cells, eosinophils, precursor CD4+ bone marrow cells, immature thymic precursor cells, CD8+ T cells, Langerhans cells, megakaryocytes, astrocytes.

What is only found in retroviruses?

Retroviruses are a type of virus in the viral family called Retroviridae. They use RNA as their genetic material and are named for a special enzyme that’s a vital part of their life cycle — reverse transcriptase.

What genome type do retroviruses have packaged within their virions?

Retroviruses are enveloped, contain a diploid RNA genome which is generally between 7 and 11 kb, and possess the ability to convert their RNA genome to double-stranded DNA following infection of the host cell The process of synthesizing the DNA copy of the RNA genome (known as reverse transcription) is error prone.

Is lentivirus a retrovirus?

Lentiviruses are a class of retroviruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) that are able to infect nondividing cells (Haase, 1986).

What do all retroviruses have in common?

All retroviruses contain three major coding domains with information for virion proteins: gag, which directs the synthesis of internal virion proteins that form the matrix, the capsid, and the nucleoprotein structures; pol, which contains the information for the reverse transcriptase and integrase enzymes; and env.

Are measles retrovirus?

Measles, mumps and rubella (also known as “German measles”) all are caused by viruses (though none is a retrovirus.) The vaccine contains a functional, though weakened, measles virus, mumps virus and rubella virus.

What is the function of the Gag protein in retroviruses?

In all retroviruses the Gag protein is the precursor to the internal structural protein. Protease (pro) is expressed differently in different viruses. It functions in proteolytic cleavages during virion maturation to make mature gag and pol proteins. Retroviral Gag proteins are responsible for coordinating many aspects of virion assembly.

Which proteins are associated with retrovirus virions?

Several protein species are associated with the RNA in the retrovirus virion. Nucleocapsid (NC) protein is the most abundant protein, which coats the RNA; while other proteins, present in much smaller amounts and have enzyme activities.

How do retroviruses convert normal cells into cancer cells?

Provirus. This DNA can be incorporated into host genome as a provirus that can be passed on to progeny cells. The retrovirus DNA is inserted at random into the host genome. Because of this, it can be inserted into oncogenes. In this way some retroviruses can convert normal cells into cancer cells.

How do gammaretroviral vectors mediate insertional mutagenesis by enhancer interactions?

Gammaretroviral vectors are prone to mediate insertional mutagenesis by enhancer interactions when they integrate in the vicinity of cellular promoters and provide strong enhancer elements that are bound by ubiquitous transcription factors, and thus override cellular transcriptional control mechanisms.