What pathways do we have during apoptosis?

What pathways do we have during apoptosis?

There are two major pathways leading to apoptosis in the mammalian system: an extrinsic pathway initiated by death receptors and an intrinsic pathway that occurs through the mitochondria (Figure 1). The extrinsic pathway depends on binding of appropriate exogenous mediators to death receptors at the cell surface.

What is the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis?

Mitochondrial mediated apoptosis. DNA damage, ischemia and oxidative stress are all examples of apoptotic signals that lead to cell death through the mitochondria. The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis begins with the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane.

What are the different types of apoptosis?

The two major types of apoptosis pathways are “intrinsic pathways,” where a cell receives a signal to destroy itself from one of its own genes or proteins due to detection of DNA damage; and “extrinsic pathways,” where a cell receives a signal to start apoptosis from other cells in the organism.

How can apoptosis be regulated?

Regulation of apoptosis includes activation of certain membrane channels and release of apoptogenic proteins from the mitochondria into the cytosol, where they activate the terminal elements of a protease cascade pathway, which are capable of nuclear DNA fragmentation.

What are the different pathways of apoptosis are both the pathways interrelated?

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis are both naturally occurring processes by which a cell is directed to programmed cell death. Both pathways of apoptosis activate cell signaling cascades that are an indispensable part of the development and function of an organism.

What is apoptosis explain cell signaling pathways that triggers it?

Apoptosis allows a cell to die in a controlled manner that prevents the release of potentially damaging molecules from inside the cell. Internal signals (such as those triggered by damaged DNA) can lead to apoptosis, but so can signals from outside the cell.

What is the mitochondrial pathway?

The intrinsic pathway is also called the mitochondrial pathway owing to the essential involvement of mitochondria (Figure 1), which is not only the site where antiapoptotic and proapoptotic proteins interact and determine cell fates, but also the origin of signals that initiate the activation of caspases through …

What is the role of the outer mitochondrial membrane in apoptosis?

Although mitochondria are usually considered as supporters of life, they are also involved in cellular death. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a crucial event during apoptosis because it causes the release of proapoptotic factors from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the cytosol.

What are the 4 stages in apoptosis?

To illustrate these apoptosis events and how to detect them, Bio-Rad has created a pathway which divides apoptosis into four stages: induction, early phase, mid phase and late phase (Figure 1).

Can apoptosis be controlled?

Apoptosis is a complex process that proceeds through at least two main pathways (extrinsic and intrinsic), each of which can be regulated at multiple levels.

How does the mitochondria regulate apoptosis?

Mitochondria regulate caspase activation and cell death through an event termed mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP); this leads to the release of various mitochondrial intermembrane space proteins that activate caspases, resulting in apoptosis.

What are the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways?

The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis begins outside a cell, when conditions in the extracellular environment determine that a cell must die. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis pathway begins when an injury occurs within the cell and the resulting stress activates the apoptotic pathway.

Does BNIP3L undergo apoptosis regulation through phosphorylation?

However, whether BNIP3L undergoes a similar type of regulation through phosphorylation remains to be discovered. Besides Bcl-2 and caspases, proteins involved in apoptosis regulation include BIRC3, PTEN, CARD12, MAP3K7, DEDD2, MITF, MALT1, BCL6, NALP1, CRADD, RTN4, PSEN1]

How are BNIP3 and Nix involved in the pathogenesis of cancer?

Consistent with their ability to induce cell death, BNIP3 and NIX are implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and heart disease. In tumor cells, BNIP3 and NIX are regulated by hypoxia, and the deregulation of BNIP3 or NIX expression is associated with tumor growth.

What is the role of BNIP3 and Nix in autophagy?

Apart from their role in cell death, BNIP3 and NIX are also implicated in the induction of autophagy. In erythroid cells, NIX is required for a specialized type of autophagy that targets mitochondria for elimination (mitophagy). Similarly, BNIP3 regulates mitophagy in response to hypoxia.

What does BNIP3L stand for?

BNIP3 (BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3) and BNIP3-like (BNIP3L), also known as NIX, are proteins with homology to BCL2 in the BH3 domain, which induce both cell death and autophagy.