How Hepatitis B viral infection produce ground glass hepatocytes?

How Hepatitis B viral infection produce ground glass hepatocytes?

Ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs), a histological hallmark of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, contain excessive hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is linked to unfolded protein response (UPR). The mechanism by which HBV activates UPR has not been fully defined.

What structures will be seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?

Hepatocytes display an eosinophilic cytoplasm, reflecting numerous mitochondria, and basophilic stippling due to large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes.

What are hepatocyte rosettes?

Rosettes are small groups of hepatocytes arranged around a small, sometimes not visible, central lumen (fig. 1d). The presence and extent of rosette formation are better appreciated on reticulin stain. Rosetting is more common in AIH (49% of cases) compared to chronic viral hepatitis [13].

What causes feathery degeneration?

The degenerated hepatocytes shown here are from a case of biliary obstruction. Retained bile salts cause enlargement of and gives a foamy appearance to hepatocytes. Bile is toxic to hepatocytes.

What does hepatitis B do to hepatocytes?

Besides environmental factors, host genetic factors also appear to play a role in HBV-associated liver disease progression. Nevertheless, only a limited number of studies identified genetic loci that are clearly associated with HBV-related liver cirrhosis [67].

What is hepatocytes HBV?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes specifically and causes immune mediated liver damage.

Which organelles may be particularly common in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?

Being one of the most metabolically active cells in the body, the hepatocyte is rich in organelles, the most abundant of which are the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lysosomes (see Fig. 1.24).

Do hepatocytes produce bile?

Bile is produced by hepatocytes and it is then modified by the cholangiocytes lining the bile ducts. Transporter proteins found within the canalicular membrane use energy to secrete molecules into bile against concentration gradients. Through this active transport, osmotic and electrochemical gradients are formed.

What is a florid duct lesion?

The florid duct lesion, defined as a granulomatous destruction of the bile ducts, is the histological hallmark of PBC. The granulomatous inflammation may be either well-formed or vague, and is accompanied by lymphocytes and variable numbers of plasma cells, all of which are centered on the bile duct [6].

What causes hepatocyte ballooning?

Ballooning degeneration/change: swelling and rounding up of hepatocytes (Fig. 1.26) as seen in steatohepatitis and viral hepatitis. It is presumed to be caused by membrane damage, which allows influx of fluid into the cell or by damage to cytoskeleton, leading to loss of cell shape.