What are major microbial functions in phytoremediation?

What are major microbial functions in phytoremediation?

Microbes can enhance phytoremediation in different manners: expedite plant biomass, increase (phytoextraction) or decrease (phytostabilization) metal availability in soil, as well as facilitate metal translocation from soil to root (bioaccumulation) or from root to shoot tissues (translocation; Ma et al., 2011a, 2013; …

What is Phytotransformation process?

Phytotransformation, also referred to as phytodegradation, is the breakdown of organic contaminants sequestered by plants via: (1) metabolic processes within the plant; or (2) the effect of compounds, such as enzymes, produced by the plant.

How is phytoremediation used?

Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments. Plants can help clean up many types of contaminants including metals, pesticides, explosives, and oil. However, they work best where contaminant levels are low because high concentrations may limit plant growth and take too long to clean up.

What are the three types of phytoremediation?

There are five basic types of phytoremediation techniques: 1) rhizofiltration, a water remediation technique involving the uptake of contaminants by plant roots; 2) phytoextraction, a soil technique involving uptake from soil, 3) phytotransformation, applicable to both soil and water, involving the degradation of …

What is bioremediation and phytoremediation?

Bioremediation deals with the use of living organisms such as microbes and plants to remove contaminants, pollutants and toxins from soil and water. Phytoremediation uses plants to bind, extract, and clean up pollutants such as pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, metals, and chlorinated solvents.

Which organism is used in phytoremediation?

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms such as Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, etc., have proven effective in bioremediation of metals and influencing phytoremediation by phytoextraction or by phytostabilization in metal-contaminated soil [82].

What is phytoremediation and why is it important?

Phytoremediation, the use of green plants to treat and control wastes in water, soil, and air, is an important part of the new field of ecological engineering. Organic and inorganic wastes include metals and metalloids, some xenobiotic contaminants, and salts leachate, sewage, sludge, and other conventional wastes.

What are the different types of phytoremediation?

Kinds of phytoremediation method are phytoextraction, phytodegradation, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization, rhizodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytohydraulic control, vegetative cover systems, buffer strips and riparian corridors. These kinds of phytoremediation methods were evaluated in this study.

What is phytoremediation give an example?

Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. The term is an amalgam of the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium (restoring balance).

What is metal phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation—a green solution to the problem of heavy metal pollution. “Phytoremediation basically refers to the use of plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the environments” (Greipsson, 2011).

What is phytoremediation?

Phytoremediation can be defined as the use of plants for the extraction, immobilization, containment, or degradation of contaminants.

What are the types of phytoremediation mechanisms?

There are different types of phytoremediation mechanisms that are used to eliminate or degrade contaminants from soil and water discussed as follows: 1. Rhizosphere biodegradation: In this process, the plant secrets natural substances from its roots and these are nutrients needed for growth of micro-organisms in the soil.

What are the four mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance?

Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms fall into four main categories: (1) limiting uptake of a drug; (2) modifying a drug target; (3) inactivating a drug; (4) active drug efflux.

What is the role of plant roots in bioremediation?

Due to this symbiotic relationship, bioremediation processes can be accelerated. Plant roots also plays role as surfaces provider for absorption or precipitation of metal contaminants. In this remediation process the root zone acts as focus of interest. The root absorbs the contaminants to be eventually stored or metabolised by the plant.

How do you modify antibiotics to prevent resistance?

Modify the antibiotic. Bacteria can sometimes produce enzymes that are capable of adding different chemical groups to antibiotics. This in turn prohibits binding between the antibiotic and its target in the bacterial cell. Figure 1. Antibiotic resistance strategies in bacteria.