What are the key features associated with chronic pyelonephritis?

What are the key features associated with chronic pyelonephritis?

Chronic pyelonephritis is continuing pyogenic infection of the kidney that occurs almost exclusively in patients with major anatomic abnormalities. Symptoms may be absent or may include fever, malaise, and flank pain. Diagnosis is with urinalysis, culture, and imaging tests.

What is the gross appearance of the kidney?

Grossly, the kidneys are bean-shaped structures and weigh about 150 g in the male and about 135 g in the female. They are typically 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm in width, and 2-3 cm in thickness.

How is CKD characterized?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. To read more about kidney function, see How Your Kidneys Work. CKD is also known as chronic renal disease.

What is chronic pyelonephritis?

Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by renal inflammation and scarring induced by recurrent or persistent renal infection, vesicoureteral reflux, or other causes of urinary tract obstruction.

What is considered gross hematuria?

Gross hematuria produces pink, red or cola-colored urine due to the presence of red blood cells. It takes little blood to produce red urine, and the bleeding usually isn’t painful. Passing blood clots in your urine, however, can be painful.

What organizing structures of the kidney are present when viewed in gross section?

The functional substance, or parenchyma, of the kidney is divided into two major structures: the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla. Grossly, these structures take the shape of eight to 18 cone-shaped renal lobes, each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid.

How many types of CKD are there?

There are five stages of CKD and different symptoms and treatments associated with each stage. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 37 million U.S. adults have CKD, but most haven’t been diagnosed. It’s a progressive condition, but treatment can slow it down.

What is stage 4 chronic kidney disease?

Stage 4 CKD means you have an eGFR between 15 and 29. An eGFR between 15 and 30 means your kidneys are moderately or severely damaged and are not working as they should. Stage 4 kidney disease should be taken very seriously – it is the last stage before kidney failure.

What disease is characterized by a gFR 15 mL min?

They have a GFR of 15 mL/min or less and have End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The kidneys have lost almost all ability to function effectively at this stage. They will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to live.

What kind of test is used to identify pyelonephritis kidney infection )?

A health care professional may use imaging tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound, to help diagnose a kidney infection.

What are the different types of pyelonephritis?

Types: reflux (chronic reflux-associated pyelonephritis) and obstruction (chronic obstructive pyelonephritis) Interstitial fibrosis and inflammation (intense diffuse lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate with germinal centers)

How is chronic pyelonephritis (kidney infection) diagnosed?

Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by renal inflammation and fibrosis induced by recurrent or persistent renal infection, vesicoureteral reflux, or other causes of urinary tract obstruction. The diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis is made based on imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scanning.

What are the signs and symptoms of emphysematous pyelonephritis (em)?

Underlying poorly controlled diabetes mellitus is present in up to 90% of patients who develop emphysematous pyelonephritis. Patients present clinically with varying degrees of renal failure, lethargy, acid-base imbalances, and hyperglycemia.

What is the relationship between reflux nephropathy and hypertension?

Hypertension contributes to the accelerated loss of renal function in persons with chronic pyelonephritis. Reflux nephropathy is the most common cause of hypertension in children, occurring in 10-20% of children with VUR and renal scars.