What is episcleral congestion?

What is episcleral congestion?

1. Episcleral injection causes redness because of congestion of the deep episcleral vessels, and is characterized by straight and immobile episcleral vessels, which run 90° to the limbus. Episcleral injection is an external sign of intraocular disease, such as anterior uveitis and glaucoma (Figures 3 and 4).

What is episcleral plexus?

The episcleral layer is the outermost layer of the sclera. It is composed of loose, fibrous, elastic tissue and attaches toTenon’s capsule. A vascular plexus is found between the conjunctiva and the sclera consisting of two layers of vessels, the superficial episcleral vessels and the deep episcleral vessels.

What is normal episcleral venous pressure?

The production of aqueous humor, resistance to its outflow at anterior chamber angles, and the episcleral venous pressure (EVP) together regulate the intraocular pressure (IOP). Episcleral venous pressure is relatively stable ranging between 8 and 10 mmHg.

Where do episcleral veins drain?

Anatomical Parts The episcleral veins are thin vein in the sclera. They drain into the superior ophtalmic vein.

How do you treat episcleritis?

Usually, simple episcleritis will clear up on its own in a week to 10 days. An eye doctor can give or prescribe lubricating eye drops to soothe the irritation and redness. They also may prescribe a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (or NSAID), such as ibuprofen.

What causes episcleritis?

There is no apparent cause, but it can be associated with an underlying systemic inflammatory or rheumatologic condition such as rosacea, lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Typical symptoms include generalized or local redness of the eyes that may be accompanied by mild soreness or discomfort but no visual problems.

How is episcleral venous pressure measured?

Non-invasive measurement of EVP. Non-invasive measurement of EVP is based on the principle of venous compression. An episcleral vein is identified, a force is applied to the vein until it collapses, and venous pressure is determined from the pressure required to collapse the vessel to a predetermined endpoint.

What does the canal of Schlemm do?

Schlemm’s canal (SC) is a unique vascular structure that functions to maintain fluid homeostasis by draining aqueous humor from the eye into the systemic circulation.

What is Vorticose vein?

The vorticose veins, referred to clinically as the vortex veins, drain the ocular choroid. The number of vortex veins is known to vary from 4 to 8 with about 65% of the normal population having 4 or 5. Some vortex veins drain into the superior ophthalmic vein which drains into the cavernous sinus.

What is emissary vein?

The emissary veins are valveless vessels which connect the superficial veins of the scalp with deeper veins, e.g. diploic veins of the skull bones. From: Essential Clinical Anatomy of the Nervous System, 2015.

What is the meaning of vascular congestion?

Vascular congestion is the engorgement of the blood vessels with blood. Pulmonary vascular congestion means the blood vessels in your lungs are engorged as seen on chest x-ray (see Figure 2 below). Pulmonary vascular congestion is commonly associated with congestive heart failure or simply heart failure.

What is the difference between conjunctivitis and episcleritis?

Episcleritis, which is an inflammation immediately underlying the conjunctiva, is distinguished from conjunctivitis because its radially oriented vessels do not move with the conjunctiva. Mild pain may be present. Episcleritis is self-limited.

What is the anatomy of the episclera?

Anteriorly the episclera consists of a connective tissue layer between the superficial scleral stroma and Tenon capsule. There are three pre-equatorial vascular layers: Conjunctival vessels are the most superficial; arteries are tortuous and veins straight. Superficial episcleral plexus vessels are straight with a radial configuration.

What is episcleritis and what causes it?

Episcleritis is an inflammatory disorder involving the episcleral tissue that lies superficial to the sclera, just beneath Tenon’s capsule. Episcleritis is an inflammatory disorder involving the episcleral tissue that lies superficial to the sclera, just beneath Tenon’s capsule.