What is HaNDL syndrome?

What is HaNDL syndrome?

Transient Headache and Neurologic Deficits With Cerebrospinal Fluid Lymphocytosis (HaNDL syndrome) is a headache disorder in which individuals experience severe to moderate headache attacks, neurological symptoms, and an increase in the amount of a type of white blood cell in the cerebrospinal fluid (lymphocytic …

What causes a transient headache?

These symptoms usually last between 15 minutes and 2 hours. The cause of HaNDL syndrome is not well understood; however, researchers have suggested a few potential causes, including migraines, inflammation of the tissue that lines the brain and spinal cord, and viral infections.

What does Pleocytosis mean?

Pleocytosis is defined as increased cell count. In the following the term pleocytosis will be used to describe >5 leucocytes/μl in CSF.

What is lymphocytic Pleocytosis?

Lymphocytic pleocytosis is an abnormal increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Can migraines cause hemiparesis?

Hemiplegic migraine is a rare form of migraine where people experience weakness on one side of their body (hemiplegia) in addition to the migraine headache attack. The weakness is a form of migraine aura and occurs with other forms of typical migraine aura like changes in vision, speech or sensation.

Are migraines mini strokes?

It is possible for a headache that feels like a migraine to occur during a stroke. A migraine aura may resemble a transient ischemic attack (TIA), also called a “mini-stroke” (a temporary stroke that resolves symptoms quickly without residual or long-term disability).

What is Xanthochromia CSF?

Xanthochromia is the presence of bilirubin in the CSF. This finding can be the only positive marker that a patient is suffering from an acute SAH. It is an important finding in distinguishing between traumatic tap and a SAH. Visual inspection of the CSF is the most common method of detection.

What is Hypoglycorrhachia?

Hypoglycorrhachia (abnormally low cerebro spinal fluid glucose content) eludes exact numerical definition, largely because of the dynamic equilibrium between blood and CSF glucose. A group of 181 pediatric patients with a CSF glucose less than 50 mg/100 ml or a CSF/blood glucose ratio less than 0.50 were studied.

What causes high WBC in spinal fluid?

An increase of white blood cells indicates infection, inflammation, or bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid. Some causes include: Abscess. Encephalitis.

What does it mean to have low lymphocytes?

Lymphocytopenia, also referred to as lymphopenia, occurs when your lymphocyte count in your bloodstream is lower than normal. Severe or chronic low counts can indicate a possible infection or other signficant illness and should be investigated by your doctor. Lymphocytes are a kind of white blood cell.

How is occipital neuralgia treated?

Medications and a set of three steroid injections, with or without botulinum toxin, can “calm down” the overactive nerves. Some patients respond well to non-invasive therapy and may not require surgery; however, some patients do not get relief and may eventually require surgical treatment.

What is Bartter syndrome and how is it treated?

Bartter syndrome is a group of very similar kidney disorders that cause an imbalance of potassium, sodium, chloride, and related molecules in the body. In some cases, Bartter syndrome becomes apparent before birth.

What is the pathophysiology of basebartter syndrome?

Bartter syndrome is a group of similar kidney disorders that cause an imbalance of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other molecules in the body. In some cases, the condition manifests before birth with increased amniotic fluid surrounding the affected fetus (polyhydramnios).

What is the difference between classic Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome?

Bartter syndrome type 3 is sometimes also referred to as classic Bartter syndrome. Gitelman syndrome, which has considerable clinical overlap with Bartter syndrome, especially type 3, is sometimes grouped with the Bartter syndromes.

What are the symptoms of Bartter syndrome type 1 and 2?

Patients with Bartter syndromes type 1 and 2 typically have elevated levels of calcium in the urine which can lead to the deposition of calcium in the kidney (nephrocalcinosis). In mild cases, there may not be any associated symptoms or minor symptoms including blood in the urine, vomiting, or fever.