What is pipeline vandalism?

What is pipeline vandalism?

Pipeline vandalism, in the context of this paper, refers to the willful or deliberate act of damaging petroleum pipelines with the sole aim of stealing crude oil and associated petroleum products.

How pipeline Vandalisation has affected Nigeria?

Statistics have shown that Nigeria is losing well over 300,000 barrels per day (bpd) as a result of crude oil pipeline vandalism, which runs into billions of dollars in losses (James, 2014. (2014). Shell is losing more oil sabotage and theft in Niger Delta is causing big jumps in spills.

How does natural gas pipelines work?

Natural gas is highly pressurized as it travels through a pipeline. To ensure the natural gas remains pressurized, it must be compressed periodically along the pipeline. This is accomplished by using compressor stations where gas is compressed either by a turbine, a motor or an engine.

How does gas affect the environment?

Gasoline use contributes to air pollution The vapors given off when gasoline evaporates and the substances produced when gasoline is burned (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and unburned hydrocarbons) contribute to air pollution. Burning gasoline also produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.

What is the punishment for pipeline vandalism in Nigeria?

The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps, NSCDC, said it had stepped up its activities to curb destruction of petroleum assets across the country, while it warned that vandals of oil installations and petroleum products thieves risk 21 years to life imprisonment if caught.

How do pipelines affect the environment?

Releases of products carried through pipelines can impact the environment and may result in injuries or fatalities as well as property damage. sunlight, damages fish eggs, and impacts plankton, a primary food source for numerous fish and wildlife species.

What is the temperature of natural gas in a pipeline?

The range of pressure and temperature conditions is characteristic for natural gas industry (i.e. 0.1–25 MPa, −20–90 degrC, which corresponds to the reduced pressure and temperature ranges 0.02–5.5 and 1.3–1.9, respectively.)

What is gas pollution?

How bad is natural gas?

Is natural gas bad for the environment? While carbon dioxide emission is not that high, burning natural gas also releases methane, which is a strong greenhouse gas that leaks to the atmosphere in a big amount. Burning natural gas also emits carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

What is the US natural gas pipeline network?

The U.S. natural gas pipeline network is a highly integrated network that moves natural gas throughout the continental United States. The pipeline network has about 3 million miles of mainline and other pipelines that link natural gas production areas and storage facilities with consumers.

Where is the source of natural gas in Nigeria?

Nigeria gas is concentrated in the Niger delta which covers an area of about 41000 square miles. Of the total Nigeria’s proven reserves, 70% is located on land while 30% can be found off-shore. About 60% is located east of the Niger while the rest are west of the river Niger.

How big is the natural gas transportation network?

The pipeline network has about 3 million miles of mainline and other pipelines that link natural gas production areas and storage facilities with consumers. In 2019, this natural gas transportation network delivered about 28.3 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas to about 76.9 million customers. What makes up this transportation network?

How are the pipeline routes on the map labeled?

The pipeline routes on the map are labeled with the codes that are explained in the table. Pipeline label codes are colored green for oil, red for gas and blue for products, such as gasoline, propane and ethylene. The diameter, length and capacity of the pipeline, if known, are shown on the table.