What is the source of perchlorate?
What is the source of perchlorate?
Where is perchlorate found? Perchlorate occurs naturally in arid states in the Southwest United States, in nitrate fertilizer deposits in Chile, and in potash ore in the United States and Canada. It also forms naturally in the atmosphere.
Where does ammonium perchlorate come from?
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. The salt also can be produced by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate.
Is perchlorate naturally occurring?
❖ Perchlorate may occur naturally, particularly in arid regions such as the southwestern United States (Rao and others 2007). ❖ Perchlorate is found as a natural impurity in nitrate salts from Chile, which are imported and used to produce nitrate fertilizers and other products (EPA FFRRO 2005; ITRC 2005).
How are perchlorates formed?
Production. Perchlorate salts are produced industrially by the oxidation of aqueous solutions of sodium chlorate by electrolysis. The reaction of perchloric acid with bases, such as ammonium hydroxide, give salts. The highly valued ammonium perchlorate can be produced electrochemically.
Is perchlorate in bottled water?
In the USA, perchlorate was detected in 10 of 21 bottled waters (MRL = 0.05 µg/L), with a maximum reported concentration of 0.74 µg/L (Snyder, Vanderford & Rexing, 2005).
How are we exposed to perchlorate?
People can be exposed to perchlorate by drinking water, milk, and by eating certain plants with high water content (e.g., lettuce) if those plants have taken up water containing perchlorate.
How do you make sodium perchlorate?
There are two routes you can take when making Sodium Perchlorate. You can start with Sodium Chloride and let the cell run and run until the cell turns from a Chlorate cell into a Perchlorate cell. You can top up the cell with either water or NaCl solution when the cell is a Chlorate cell.
Is it legal to buy ammonium perchlorate?
The purchase of perchlorate is available to all experienced professionals who will use the product for legal purposes. The purchase and handling of the product must be governed by a series of regulations, since this compound and all its derivatives are substances whose handling needs very professional competence.
Is perchlorate a pollutant?
One such pollutant is perchlorate, a chemical compound used in rocket fuels, fireworks, fertilizers and other materials. The compound is thought to contribute to health issues in humans such as hypothyroidism, the decreased production of hormones from the thyroid gland, which can impact development.
What type of compound is hclo4?
Perchloric acid
Perchloric acid is a chlorine oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a perchlorate.
How do you break down perchlorates?
Perchlorate can be removed from drinking water or groundwater by physical-chemical processes such as ion exchange or reverse osmosis, but these processes produce waste brine that can be challenging to manage. Biological processes break down the perchlorate into harmless chloride ions (Cl-) and oxygen gas (O2).
Why is perchlorate bad for you?
What are the health risks associated with perchlorate exposure? Human exposure to high dosages of perchlorate can interfere with iodide uptake into the thyroid gland, disrupting the functions of the thyroid and potentially leading to a reduction in the production of thyroid hormone.
What is the chemical name for NaClO4?
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet. Molecular Formula. NaClO4 or ClNaO4. Synonyms. SODIUM PERCHLORATE. 7601-89-0. Perchloric acid, sodium salt. Natriumperchlorat. Perchlorate de sodium.
What is the source of sodium perchlorate?
Sodium perchlorate is produced by anodic oxidation of sodium chlorate at an inert electrode, such as platinum.
What is the difference between Nana and ClO4-?
Na is an atom which loses one electron to become Na+ ion and ClO4- is a poly atomic ion in which four oxygen atoms are covalently bonded with a Chlorine atom having charge of -1 on it and further more they combined together to form sodium chlorate.
What is the LD50 of sodium perchlorate?
Sodium perchlorate is produced by anodic oxidation of sodium chlorate at an inert electrode, such as platinum. LD50 is 2 – 4 g/kg (rabbits, oral). ^ Wadsworth, Jennifer; Cockell, Charles S. (July 6, 2017).
